A preocupação com o setor espacial brasileiro está inserida em um debate mais amplo sobre a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico, base para melhor inserção internacional do país. Utilizando revisão de literatura e estudo de caso, verificou-se que houve historicamente uma variação na disposição dos governos brasileiros em aderir à ideologia econômica defendida pelos EUA, sem levar em conta que este país apresenta elementos desenvolvimentistas, atuando como agente de transferência e difusão de novas tecnologias. O objetivo é demonstrar que o Acordo de Salvaguardas Tecnológicas (AST) é funcional à estratégia do governo norte-americano de promover o desenvolvimento com participação velada do Estado. Por sua vez, isso tende a representar importantes limitações à implementação da política espacial no Brasil. Infere-se que o AST é um instrumento por meio do qual o governo dos EUA procura mitigar os riscos regulatórios aos quais estão submetidas empresas do país e alavancar a competitividade de sua base industrial.

The concern with Brazil’s spatial sector is part of a wider debate on the promotion of economic development as a basis for better international insertion of the country. Based on a literature review and case study, the research verified that, historically, Brazilian governments have varied in their adherence to the economic ideology defended by the United States, without considering that this country has developmentalist elements, acting as an agent of transfer and diffusion of new technologies. The goal is to show that the Technology Safeguards Agreement is functional for the US government’s strategy to promote development with covert State participation. In turn, this tends to represent important limitations to implementing spatial policies in Brazil. We infer that the TSA is an instrument by which the US government seeks to mitigate the regulatory risks to which its companies are subjected and leverage the competitiveness of its industrial base.

La préoccupation concernant le secteur spatial brésilien s’inscrit dans un débat plus large sur la promotion du développement économique comme base d’une meilleure insertion international du pays. Sur la base d’une revue de la littérature et d’une étude de cas, la recherche a vérifié que, historiquement, les gouvernements brésiliens ont varié dans leur adhésion à l’idéologie économique défendue par les États-Unis, sans tenir compte que ce pays possède des éléments développementiste, agissant comme un agent de transfert et de diffusion des nouvelles technologies. L’objectif est de montrer que l’accord de sauvegardes technologique (AST) est fonctionnel pour la stratégie du gouvernement nord-américain visant à promouvoir le développement avec la participation secrète de l’État. D’autre part, cela tend à représenter d’ importantes limitations à la mise en œuvre des politiques spatialea au Brésil. On en déduit que l’AST est un instrument par lequel le gouvernement nord-américain cherche à atténuer les risques réglementaires auxquels sont soumises ses entreprises et à tirer parti de la compétitivité de sa base industrielle.

Nosso objetivo é refletir sobre o estado da arte da área acadêmica de relações internacionais no Brasil, com foco na pós-graduação. As premissas que norteiam o trabalho são: a) houve produção de pensamento, de pesquisa e de ensino antecedente à institucionalização da área nos anos de 1980; b) a partir dos anos 2000 a área consolidou-se. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco seções, incluindo a introdução e a conclusão. A segunda seção apresenta os primeiros pensadores e pesquisadores do campo das relações internacionais no Brasil. A terceira aborda a institucionalização com base no crescimento quantitativo dos cursos de graduação, de pós-graduação e da pesquisa. A quarta analisa quantitativa e qualitativamente como se dá a consolidação da pós-graduação, além de indicar questões merecedoras de maior reflexão, como o impacto e a autonomia da área.

In this article, the authors seek to discuss the state-of-the-art of the academic production on International Relations in Brazil, with focus on the graduate level. The premises guiding the study are: a) there has been production of thought, research, and teaching before the institutionalization of the area in the 1980’s; b) from the 2000’s onwards, the area has been consolidated. The article is divided into five sections, including the introduction and conclusions. The second section presents the first thinkers and researchers in the field of international relations in Brazil. The third approaches the institutionalization from the perspective of the quantitative growth of ungraduated courses, graduate programs and researches. The fourth section analyzes, through quantitative and qualitative data, how the consolidation of graduate studies work, indicating issues worthy of further consideration such as the impact and the autonomy of the area.

Notre objectif est de proposer un état de l’art du domaine académique des relations internationales au Brésil en nous concentrant sur les études de 3ème cycle. Les prémisses qui guident notre étude sont les suivantes : a) il y a eu une production de la pensée, de la recherche et de l’enseignement qui ont précédé, dans les années 1980, l’institutionnalisation de ce domaine ; b) le domaine s’est consolidé à partir des années 2000. Cet article est structuré en cinq sections, y inclus l’introduction et la conclusion. La deuxième section présente les premiers penseurs et chercheurs dans le domaine des relations internationales au Brésil. La troisième porte sur l’institutionnalisation en tant que base pour la croissance quantitative des cours de premier, second et troisième cycles ainsi que de la recherche. La quatrième analyse de manière quantitative et qualitative la façon par laquelle la consolidation des études de 3ème cycle a eu lieu. Elle indique également des questions dignes d’un examen plus approfondi tels que l’impact et l’autonomie de ce domaine d’études.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the U.S. international agricultural trade policy by focusing on instruments and institutional arrangements. Policy decision-making is analyzed by means of three variables: 1) how interests are mobilized; 2) how information is disseminated; and 3) how spaces are occupied in deliberation arenas. The study refers to the corn sector and observes how the National Corn Growers Association operated to ensure subsidies and incentives for this supply chain along the elaboration of the 2002 and 2008 Farm Bills, as well as from other laws pertaining to agricultural and energy incentives. This paper provides evidences in favor of four arguments: first, empirical studies on the formulation and implementation of foreign trade policy, especially when it comes to agricultural issues, would greatly benefit with a greater attention on understanding the role domestic actors play in the decision-making processes; second, interest groups play a key role in this decision-making process; third, they provide the rationale for the formulation and implementation of the U.S. international agricultural trade policy; and, fourth, when the economic sector coordinates complex and relevant supply chains in the U.S. economy, it is hardly possible to revert the U.S. protectionist position in the Legislative branch.